[5], In another instance, children in Xinjiang were forced to pick cotton as part of a "work-study" program, according to foreign media reports. The United States is not asking China to adopt its domestic laws. “But the conflict is triggering a higher volume of women being trafficked across the border.” In an effort to control the growing population, the country limited each family to the maximum of one child. Human Rights Watch investigated bride trafficking from northern Myanmar into China. Geographic Distribution of Forced Laborers, Pressure from Human Rights/Activist Groups, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor, Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China, "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery - China", "Country Narratives: Countries A Through F: Trafficking in Persons Report 2010: China (Tier 2 Watch List)", "Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements", "China: Sex Work and Human Trafficking (Part 1)", "Human Trafficking in East Asia: Current Trends, Data Collection, and Knowledge Gaps", "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor", "Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: A Commentary on the Global Realities", "Birth Control, Surrogate Mothers and Abortions in China", "Laws and Regulations: Opinions on Severely Punishing Trafficking in Women and Children according to Law", "Child Safety Community Help You Save Your Child", "ASEAN and Trafficking in Persons: Using Data as a Tool to Combat Trafficking in Persons", "Overview: Association of Southeast Asian Nations", "Combating human trafficking requires a regional approach, says Stanford scholar", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_China&oldid=997860707, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 16:14. Human trafficking is a challenging issue for businesses across industries. [2] Chinese laws only recognise forms of coercion other than abduction, such as threats of physical harm or non-physical harm, as constituting a means of trafficking. "[13], In 2008, courts nationwide convened to decide 1353 cases of trafficking in women and children which was a 9.91% increase of cases from 2007. If you are looking for a way to help fight against human trafficking, here's a list of global anti-trafficking organizations, as well as organizations active in specific countries. As human trafficking is a prevalent problem within China, regulations and laws have been implemented in order to prohibit forms of trafficking. Traffickers usually attract victims through false promises of high salaries and stable job incomes. Public security officials also say that the problem is gradually becoming a cross-border issue. severely punished according to law. [19] ASEAN, being a free trade organisation, has taken interest in human trafficking because countries have begun to recognise that if they want to claim national governance credibility, they have to at least acknowledge the problem, sign human rights agreements, and start cooperating with their neighbours in combating human trafficking. More than ever, business must prevent, identify, address and remediate exploitative practices in their operations and supply chains. [5] In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods ranging from bricks, coal and cotton to electronics, fireworks and Christmas decorations. Human trafficking awareness training is available for individuals, businesses, first responders, law enforcement, educators, and federal employees, among others. In addition, the definition of trafficking does not pertain to male victims of trafficking or adult victims of labour trafficking. Trafficked women are often then forced into marriage and therefore suffer from prolonged sexual exploitation. There is also child protection work at children's activity centres in cities like Nanning, Kunming, Shenzhen, and Shanghai with huge migrant communities. [3], According to the United Nations Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons of 2000, as part of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, human trafficking involves "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons" by "the use of force or other means of coercion" with the "purpose of exploitation". [4], The trafficking of individuals across countries has a wide array of purposes, ranging from commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriage to illegal adoption, forced labour, and begging. [11], According to a New Yorker Article written by Jiayang Fan, even though China performs more transplants annually than any country except the United States, less than one per cent of the population in need of life-saving transplants receives them (as compared to about twenty per cent in the United States). [4], The Protocol further explains "exploitation" as, at a minimum, "the sex work of others" and "other forms of sexual exploitation". According to a UNIFCEF report published in 2002, there are an estimated 250,000 victims of human trafficking in China. Representative James P. McGovern, Chair I  Senator Marco Rubio, Cochair. However these would benefit from greater collaboration and coordination. For national, bi- and multilateral laws and agreements on human trafficking involving China, please see the resource section. Traffickers also use China as a transit point to subject foreign individuals to trafficking in other countries throughout Asia and in international maritime industries. Identified as a source, transit, and destination country for human trafficking, issues of human trafficking in China range from forced marriage to forced labor, forced sex work, sale and profitable adoption of babies, and human smuggling (Hendrix 2010; Emerton et al. Assistant Public Security Minister Zhang Xinfeng argues that to deal with these trends, China’s law enforcement agencies must emphasize prevention and address the social causes of trafficking, draw on the resources of the entire society, and increase international cooperation. Often, men kidnap the women after enticing them with promises of employment and money, but later sell them to villages and other provinces. At least 16 million people are exploited in the private sector in conditions of forced labor and the COVID-19 pandemic will leave millions more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. [8], In a report by the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice, details have been provided into combating human trafficking in China. In-vitro fertilization also produces a higher chance of having twins or triplets, leading to circumvention of China's one-child policy. In addition, police complicity with smugglers has further exacerbated the problem, leaving women vulnerable to trafficking and forced marriage. The U.S. Department of State reported that China had "arrested 19 of the country’s 20 most wanted traffickers and pursuit of criminal networks and organized crime syndicates involved in trafficking." They worked long hours and were exploited under this simple guise. [11], Of the transplants performed, 8,000 were kidney transplants, 3,000 were liver transplants, and 200 were heart transplants. China is making progress fighting human trafficking, especially from southeast Asian nations, but needs greater regional cooperation and tougher action, a senior official said on Wednesday. "[4], The United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking reports that around 600,000 migrant workers leave China annually to work overseas. [18], This includes commitments to work together to prevent trafficking, to identify and protect the victims, and to ensure that offenders are punished. Congressional-Executive Commission on China, UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. [5], According to a UNIAP study on the reports of human trafficking in China, there were 800 reported human trafficking cases reported in the print media between 2006 and 2007. [5], According to the UNIAP report on human trafficking in China, 301 trafficking cases reported by the media from 2007 to mid-2008 were analysed to determine that Yunnan and Guizhou were the main source provinces of human trafficking. Learn the indicators of human trafficking on the TIP Office’s website or by taking a training. The US and Tajik governments have co-operated for 20 years in fighting human trafficking, according to the embassy statement. Public security agencies rescued 5,461 abducted women and 3,488 abducted children nationwide in 2004, according to a Xinhua article. [2], The number of women suffering from sexual exploitation is exponentially increasing. The United States has declared China and Russia among the worst countries in fighting human trafficking, a designation that could lead to sanctions against both nations. Women and children from Myanmar, Vietnam, Mongolia, former USSR (except for Baltic States), North Korea, Romania, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and Ghana are trafficked to China for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labour. [2] For example, there were reports that child labourers were found working in brick kilns, low-skill service sectors and in small workshops and factories. Women are most likely sold into provinces like Henan in which the gender imbalance is particularly stark and where there is a high demand for women. For example, Save the Children is a program that has helped fund research to gain a clearer understanding into issues like migration, trafficking and street children to help promote safer migration. [12] Most of these surrogate mothers are recruited from the countryside and are paid around 140,000 yuan. [4] For example, of the 8,000 Vietnamese women married to Chinese men in Guangxi province between 1989 and 1999, some were introduced by friends and relatives, and most were found to have been trafficked. [5], The main means of trafficking involved: fraud and deception, 37%; kidnapping, 26%; abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, 17%; and physical violence, 5%. Anyone can join in the fight against human trafficking. It has expanded to include Bruenei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam since then along with adding the ASEAN Plus Three of China, Japan, and Korea. [2], The overall extent of forced labour and child labour in China is also unclear in part because the government releases only limited information on the subject according to the report on trafficking issued by the U.S. Department of State. Though it primarily manifests itself in the forms of forced labor and modern slavery, human trafficking can also apply to other issues such as sex trafficking, forced criminality and forced organ removal. 20 Actions in 2020. China is a party to critical international agreements concerning human trafficking. In total, 2413 offenders were sentenced, representing an 11.7% increase from 2008. [8], The problem of sex trafficking stems from the gender imbalance present in China. Abductions of children are on the rise, and the wives and sons of migrant workers have become common targets of abduction. In provinces with the lowest GDP per capita in China like Yunnan and Guizhou, trafficked victims come from these areas. The organ trade is the trade of organs for organ transplantation. This number accounts for those tracked by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security and does not include those who leave without documents. [2], Internal trafficking is most pronounced among China's migrant population, which is estimated to exceed 150 million people. [16][17] Original ASEAN member countries formed in 1967 included Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. Many wealthy couples often hire more than one surrogate mother to ensure that eight babies are born because eight is a lucky number in Chinese culture. Women and children from China are trafficked to Africa, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and North America, predominantly Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labour. [5] Henan province is both a source and destination for human trafficking. According to a UNIFCEF report published in 2002, there are an estimated 250,000 victims of human trafficking in China. Particularly, according to the article on "Human Trafficking and Smuggling in China" by Cindy Chu, trafficked women were usually aged between 20 and 50 in the past, but "recently most of them were under 20 and some were girls as young as 12 years old. Although China is believed to be a major source of both victims of human trafficking as well as traffickers, little is known about the activity. China is a main source and also a significant transit and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labour and forced prostitution. Traditionally, Chinese culture dictates that organs should be buried and cremated in order for the individual to be reincarnated as a whole which has led to a dearth of bodies being donated. [7], China's legal definition of trafficking does not automatically regard children over the age of 14 who are subjected to the commercial sex trade as trafficking victims. [5] Fujian, Guangdong, and Shandong were the primary destination provinces. As an example, in May 2009, media reports exposed a forced labour case at brick kilns in Anhui province, where mentally handicapped workers were subjected to slave-like conditions. According to an organ trafficking paper written by Budiani-Saberi and Delmonico, 11,000 transplants were performed in china using the organs of executed prisoners in 2006. [14], Another organization called the All-China Women's Federation which is an anti-trafficking education campaign aimed at educating vulnerable women and children to protect themselves against prevailing social and cultural perspectives that propagate human trafficking. [1][2], U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 3" in 2017. The U.S. Department of State has issued a report stating that "Chinese children are forced into prostitution, and various forms of forced labour, including begging, stealing, selling flowers, and work in brick kilns and factories; the children of migrants are particularly vulnerable to trafficking." According to public security officials, the nature of abduction crimes and traffickers’ tactics have changed in recent years. Donald Trump said fighting human trafficking a top priority, but his Administration has made it harder to protect victims and investigate cases. The All-China Women's Federation is also involved in a collaboration project with Vietnam to combat trafficking on the borders. [15], The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) signed their first human rights convention in November 2012 and committed itself to a trafficking agreement in 2014. In addition, vanity may also be involved as women continue to maintain their figures. Identified as a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking, issues of human trafficking in China range from forced marriage to forced labor, forced sex work, sale and profitable adoption of babies and human smuggling. The couples looking for a surrogate mother go through an unlicensed agency which acts like a middleman that establishes communication with women willing to rent their wombs. [5], Also, in 2016 TongJuBao.com, a collaborative mutual help model (also referred to sometimes as P2P Insurance) launched a Child Safety scheme intended to mobilise the resources of all member to fund professional rapid investigation support (supporting the family and police efforts) in case a child from the community should go missing. While highlighting this work, the Xinhua piece and a related article published in the Procuratorial Daily also paint a disturbing picture of trends in human trafficking in China. As reported over the past five years, human traffickers subject domestic and foreign individuals to trafficking in China, and they subject Chinese individuals to trafficking abroad. In total, from the 1353 cases, 2161 offenders were sentenced, representing an 11.05% increase from 2007. Here are 20 ideas to consider acting on in the year 2020. As a recent New York Times article suggests, many poor Chinese families also send their daughters to work in the sex trade. 58% of the articles reported into which sector victims were trafficked: forced prostitution 19%; the entertainment industry, hairdressing or massage parlours 9%; brick kilns 9%; manufacturing 4%; domestic labour 3%; forced begging 3%; and others 11%. A domestic market for wives and illegal adoptions was once the reason for most human trafficking in China, but now traffickers abduct women and children for use as forced laborers, street performers, prostitutes, beggars, thieves, etc. [6] Locations of sex trafficking of Chinese women and girls abroad vary widely, and sometimes are collocated with concentrations of Chinese migrant workers in factories, and mining and logging camps. Both China and Myanmar are listed in the lowest tier for their lack of efforts to stop human trafficking in the U.S. State Department’s 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report. By educating children and young people about the dangers of trafficking, especially in communities of ethnic minorities, they will be better equipped to stay on their guard against trafficker organisations. Causes of Human Trafficking in China The one-child policy has contributed to human trafficking in China and can be considered as one of the main reasons for this negative trend in the country. These reports found that the underage labourers are in their teens, typically ranging from 13 to 15 years old, but some are as young as 10 years old. There is a shortage of organs available for transplantation which fuels a thriving black market for organs. Combating Human Trafficking in China: Domestic and International Efforts John R. Miller, Senior Advisor on Trafficking in Persons Testimony before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China Washington, DC March 6, 2006. This exploitation of women's bodies has called for stricter laws against surrogacy. The TVPA is the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, passed by Congress in 2000, which details a variety of tools and measures “to combat trafficking in persons both worldwide and domestically,” explains the State Department. [14], According to a pamphlet created by Save the Children debriefing the current situation in China, the organisation is "helping to build networks that migrants can turn to when they arrive in their destinations." [10], Although surrogacy in China is illegal, it is still a common practice among the wealthy Chinese population. Undocumented migrants who are trafficked into China mainly come from Vietnam, Russia, North Korea and Myanmar. The study found correlations between factors like age and gender with different types of human trafficking. China and Vietnam will expand intelligence sharing and case investigations in the fight against rampant cross-border trafficking of women, a senior Ministry of Public Security official said. In 2006, the 8,000 kidney transplants alone in China would have accounted for at least 10% of the total number of annual organ transplants done in programs of organ trafficking. There were numerous confirmed reports of involuntary servitude of children, adults, and migrant workers during the reporting period. Traffickers also use China as a transit point to subject foreign individuals to trafficking in other countries throughout Asia and in international maritime industries. [2] However, the amount of corruption and weak enforcement by officials have impeded the successful implementation of such laws and programs. Many women are deceived because of their poor education and they are often also marginalized minority groups who believe the false promises of traffickers who offer the hope of living an urban life. These countries are dedicated to the fight against trafficking of people. Most Popular on TIME 1 Human trafficking is any forced exploitation or trade of human beings against their will. Senator Chuck Hagel, Chairman of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, presided. Trafficking is an issue in China, which has said it was making progress in fighting the problem, both domestically and from Southeast Asian nations such as neighboring poverty-stricken Myanmar. It is a country of origin, destination, and transit for sexually trafficked persons. [2] Forced labour remains a serious problem, including in brick kilns, coal mines, factories, and on construction sites throughout China. [4], The number of female migrants is also rising rapidly, most of whom are young girls aged 17–25. [6], One demographic particularly susceptible to forced labour is children. "[13], Several organisations within China have dedicated efforts into ameliorating the human trafficking situation. [5], China remains a significant source of girls and women subjected to forced prostitution throughout the world. Through the COMMIT, the six governments of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) are committed to a response to human trafficking, highlighting the need for multilateral, bilateral, and government-NGO cooperation to fight human trafficking. The State Department report concludes that although China is “making significant efforts” to address the trafficking problem, it “does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking.” In particular, China has not signed the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. A person is considered a "trafficked victim if he or she is involved in the above-mentioned situations, regardless of whether the person consents to it or not. [12], As human trafficking is a prevalent problem within China, regulations and laws have been implemented in order to prohibit forms of trafficking. Traffickers recruited girls and young women, often from rural areas of China, using a combination of fraudulent job offers, imposition of large travel fees, and threats of physical or financial harm, to obtain and maintain their service in prostitution. According to Helen Stacy, director of the CDDRL Program on Human Rights and a FSI senior fellow, human rights issues are becoming integrated into regional discussions on trade and economic development. Numerous government ministries as well as international and domestic agencies and organisations work to combat trafficking patterns in China. According to China's Ministry of Health, some 1.5 million people continue to wait for transplants. Thank you for the opportunity to address this important subject. China has laws against slavery and trafficking but I learned that there is lax government enforcement and reporting as well as few survivor services. The penalties for traffickers and buyers of the 'human goods' are high and severe. In fact, in the past thirty years, over 25,000 children have been born to surrogate mothers in China. [19] One of the primary purposes of ASEAN is to prevent trafficking, protect victims and prosecute traffickers.[16]. Sex trafficking in China is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the People's Republic of China.China, the world's most populous country, has one of the highest rates of human trafficking, including sex trafficking, in the world. [12], In particular, couples look for surrogate mothers the year before the dragon so that their children can be born on an auspicious year. For example, the report states that "since combating trafficking in women and children started nationally in 1991, a large number of cases of trafficking in women and children has been solved and handled and offenders Of those who were sentenced, 1319 were sentenced to more than 5 years of fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment, death, representing a 10.1% increase from 2007. Its 2013-20 action plan, released in March 2013, sets concrete targets and measures for the global fight against transnational human trafficking and assigns different responsibilities to different departments. The Chinese government ratified the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol in December 2009, which obligates China to prohibit all forms of trafficking and bring its domestic laws into conformity with international standards within 24 months. Men in communities experiencing severe shortage of women are under strong pressure to find a bride. sentenced to more than 5 years of imprisonment, life imprisonment, or death, representing an 11.83% increase from 2008. [2], The Chinese government passed a number of laws against trafficking and smuggling. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. It has been suggested that cross-border trafficking of women is increasing in China. A State Department report on human trafficking published in 2004 cites official Chinese statistics indicating that between 2001 and 2003, Chinese law enforcement agencies investigated more than 20,000 trafficking cases involving over 43,000 women and children. However, since China has recently adopted the Human Transplantation Act that bans commercial use of prisoner organs, China has reduced the number of transplants to foreign patients by 50% in 2007. Students do not have a voice in raising concerns about how they are employed and have no protection against any abusive work practice or dangerous conditions of being on the job. [13], In 2009, courts nationwide decided 1636 cases of trafficking in women and children, representing a 20.9% increase from 2008. China has also formulated action plans for international cooperation to combat human trafficking. "[9], The buying and selling of organs is prevalent in the black market of China. Since 2001, USAID has spent more than $20 million to raise awareness of human trafficking and to aid trafficking survivors in Tajikistan. Other countries in Tier 3 with China include Cuba, Iran, … New tools to fight drug trafficking China's cooperation with the international community in the fight against human trafficking is reflected not only in its efforts to undertake global treaty obligations, but also in a series of bilateral and multilateral cooperation programs and concrete actions it has carried out. It is unclear whether the cited statistics include such individuals. Traffickers generally sell these women in distant areas, such as Shaanxi, Ningxia, Guangxi, Hainan, and Guangdong provinces with large gender imbalances. They created a safe migration textbook for children that has been instituted into the education system in the Ping Xiang, Guanzi province. [6], Popular areas of origin for domestically trafficked brides are the poorer areas of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou where poverty renders women more vulnerable to trafficking. For example, trafficking of young boys for adoption, and girls and young women for sexual exploitation were different instances of human trafficking that had a positive correlation with another factor. In fact, the laws against trafficking in women in China are as severe as the law prohibiting rape according to the U.S. Department of State in 2001. The US recently blacklisted China alongside North Korea, Zimbabwe, and Syria as global epicenters for human-trafficking, accusing Beijing of making little attempt to control the problem beyond obfuscating its data.. “The China border [saw a large amount] of human trafficking even before the conflict,” said Ms May Sabe Tu, a coordinator for the Kachin Women’s Peace Network, referring to the fighting between the government and Kachin Independence Army. The emphasis placed on enhancing international cooperation in the Chinese articles cited above may be evidence that the Chinese government is re-evaluating this issue. The Congressional-Executive Commission on China held a Commission hearing entitled "Combating Human Trafficking in China: Domestic and International Efforts," on Monday, March 6 from 2 - 3:30 PM in Room 419 of the Dirksen Senate Office Building. Gangs and criminal syndicates are becoming more involved in human trafficking, and violent tactics are being used more often. The growing demand for surrogate mothers is based upon the fact that many urban Chinese are marrying later and postponing child birth as work demands and the high costs of city living weigh couples down. Therefore, China has resorted to harvesting organs from the bodies of prisoners for the use of organ transplants. The Chinese Health Ministry has cracked down on many of these practices and even forced the abortion of the fetuses by the surrogate mothers when discovered. 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