The commission also called attention to the numerical insufficiency of magistrates and native commissioners in certain parts of Natal. Thereupon Dinizulu surrendered (December 1907) without opposition, and was removed to Pietermaritzburg. Now a force under Duncan McKenzie entered Zululand. (Topic 6.3) - 15131091 In 1881 a harbour board was formed under the chairmanship of Harry Escombe. From Helpmekaar the centre force was to enter Zululand at Rorke's Drift and move eastwards to the royal kraal. Chelmsford encountered some local resistance and mistakenly assumed it to be the main Zulu force. Zululand, traditional region in the northeastern section of present-day KwaZulu-Natal (formerly Natal) province, South Africa. Thus a new industry was added to the resources of the colony. Large numbers of Natal Africans fought with the British against the Zulus, enabling the British to claim victory and, ultimately, to annex the Zulu kingdom. The first of these forces was the Number II Column at Krantzkop, under Brevet Col A.W. Language: English. Cetshwayo, encouraged by Bishop Colenso and his daughter Harriette- who both visited him in Cape Town-petitioned the British government and was granted permission to visit England to put forward his case for the restoration of the Zulu monarchy. The province is home to the Zulu monarchy; the majority population and language of the province is Zulu. In Zululand similar petitions were presented to the British Resident by the uSuthu. Exposing the evils of the system of indenture: Henry Polak. Monarch - Wikipedia The sub-kingdoms fought amongst each other until 1883 when Cetshwayo was reinstated as king over Zululand. They were meant to represent the chiefly lineages of pre-Shakan times, which was a shaky argument at best, especially since one of them was John Dunn who had joined the British when hostilities began. This galvanized Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon who obtained permission from Disraeli to appoint Sir Theophilus Shepstone (known by the Zulu honorific as Somtseu meaning '’father of the nation'’) who had served for 30 years as a Natal administrator, first as Diplomatic Agent to Native Tribes, then as secretary for native affairs, to act as special commissioner to the Transvaal. In military terms, the alliance proved successful and Zibhebhu's army was forced out of the loyalists' territory. But this agreement came at a huge cost. Between November 1860 and 1911 (when the system of indentured labour was stopped) nearly 152 184 indentured labourers from across India arrived in Natal. A British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony. 1. [2], As one result of the war, an addition was made to the territory of Natal, consisting of a portion of what had previously been included in the Transvaal. The Indian population rapidly increased, the Indians becoming market gardeners, farmers, hawkers, and traders. In the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 the British defeated the Zulu army, and Zululandwas annexed to Natal in 1897. That controversial British annexation of the Transvaal, was disrupted when Sekhukhune allegedly signed a peace treaty with the Boers removing the main justification for British intervention in the Transvaal at that time. Restrictions in this direction dated as far back as 1865, while in 1896 an act was passed aimed at the exclusion of Indians from the suffrage. The government met the crisis by renewed energy in harbour works, railway constructions and the development of the natural resources of the country. [2], Cloete, before returning to the Cape, visited Mpande and obtained from him a valuable concession. Download. In this year (1886) the railway reached Ladysmith, and in 1891 it was completed to the Transvaal frontier at Charlestown, the section from Ladysmith northward opening up the Dundee and Newcastle coalfields. These somewhat frequent changes of ministry reflected, chiefly, differences concerning the treatment of commercial questions and the policy to be adopted towards the natives. The Zulu were then instructed to return to their homesteads and resume productive activities. They suffered huge losses as the British concentrated fire on the chest, and the attack was temporarily stalled. The Bambatha Rebellion (or the Zulu Rebellion) of 1906 was led by Bambatha kaMancinza (c. In the kingdoms brief, approximately 80-year existence, the Zulus came to dominate and expand their lands in KwaZulu-Natal. Pearson’s right column off from the border, and Pearson's men were besieged for three months at Eshowe. Matters worsened for the uSuthu when Cetshwayo died in late 1883- as the balance of power in Zululand had now shifted decisively to the Imperial administration, and its supporters in Zululand. The aftermath of these wars resulted in British victory and ultimate control of the region. In August 1903 the Hime ministry resigned and was succeeded by a cabinet under the premiership of George Sutton, the founder of the wattle industry in Natal and one of the pioneers in the coal-mining industry. The war itself had not destroyed the kingdom, but subsequent events served to divide the Zulu and undermine their economic and social cohesion. To appease colonial interests, his return was coupled with the annexation of Zululand by Natal in 1897. He was confined to a smaller area, surrounded by enemies, and his every move was watched by a Resident. Zibhebhu, an arch opponent of Cetshwayo, whose allegiance was more to the colonial order than the royal house, occupied a large tract of territory to Cetshwayo's north, and forced uSuthu loyalists resident in his portion to return to Cetshwayo's area. The commission declared that the chasm between the natives and settlers had been broadening for years and that the efforts of the administration—especially since the grant of responsible government—to reconcile the natives to the changed conditions of rule and policy and to convert them into an element of strength had been ineffective. The second was the Number V Column at Luneberg to safeguard the Transvaal, which had been annexed by the British in 1877. Chelmsford swiftly made his way back to Natal. Pulleine was therefore forced to spread his firepower over a long distance, instead of concentrating his men in a tight formation. The Siege of Ladysmith lasted until 28 February 1900, when the town was relieved by forces under Redvers Buller. 15. Under Chelmsford’s orders, the attacking force moved across the Batshe to attack a rocky gorge into which Sihayo's men had retreated, driving their cattle before them. As he proceeded over the ridge of the Mabaso heights he encountered, to his horror, the Zulu army, a mass of 20 000 strong below. The electoral law was framed to prevent more than a very few natives obtaining suffrage. Share this content. Type: pdf . In August 1907 the report of the Native Affairs' Commission was published. In these circumstances, the task of Henry Cloete was one of great difficulty and delicacy. He went on with ten companions, among them Henry Francis Fynn. The left or Number IV Column, commanded by Brevet Col Sir H. Evelyn Wood, concentrated at Utrecht with the object of reaching Ulundi from the north-west. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. [2], In 1884 the Witwatersrand Gold Rush caused a considerable rush of colonists from Natal to the Transvaal. The Zulu, ‘as was their custom, took no prisoners at Isandlwana, and spared no lives, despite pleas for mercy'’. Realising he was surrounded, Pulleine tried to retreat in order to save the endangered camp. He was killed in battle in June, and by the close of July the rebellion was at an end. The 'free' Indians came to South Africa mainly as traders alert to new opportunities abroad. On 11 December 1878, under the flimsy pretext of a few minor border incursions into Natal by Cetshwayo's followers, the Zulu were given an impossible ultimatum- that they should disarm and Cetshwayo should forsake his sovereignty. To learn more about the system visit SAHO’s feature on South African Indian’s, which focuses largely on indentured labour. The former came as a result of a triangular pact among three governments, which stated that the indentured Indians were to work for the Natal colonial government on Natal's sugar plantations. The main Zulu army left Nodwengu on 17 January to defend Zululand from the centre column. The voyage was not successful as a trading venture, but Farewell was so impressed with the possibilities of Natal both for trade and colonization that he resolved to establish himself at the port. The commission among other proposals for a more liberal and sympathetic native policy urged the creation of a native advisory Board entrusted with very wide powers. Already under stress from the imposition of the hut tax, many more Zulu men were forced into the Witwatersrand labour market to make ends meet and pay taxes. The general election which was held in the following month turned on native policy and on the measures necessary to meet the commercial depression. Unrest was also manifested among the natives west of the Tugela, but it was not at first cause for alarm. Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, List of governors of British South African colonies § Natal Colony, "Durban largest 'Indian' city outside India", "The European Settler Population of Natal up to 1860, and their Influence Beyond the Borders of the Colony", "Gandhi's Natal: the state of the Colony in 1893", State President of the South African Republic, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colony_of_Natal&oldid=994818577, 1843 establishments in the British Empire, 1910 disestablishments in the British Empire, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, States and territories disestablished in 1910, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Zululand: 1843-1878: During the middle decades of the 19th century there are peaceful relations between the Zulu kingdom and the neighbouring British colony of Natal. It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Dinuzulu, accused by many colonists of having incited the rebellion, protested his loyalty to the British. The inevitable invasion of Zululand began after the ultimatum had expired on 10 January 1879. Unsurprisingly Zululand suffered civil strife as a result of this arrangement. How did the Zulu Kingdom rise to power? The first Indian labourers reached Natal in 1860. John Colenso, appointed bishop of Natal, arrived in 1854. In July Chelmsford moved in on oNdini, and in a final onslaught known as the Battle of Ulundi, they secured an overwhelming military success. Both Dr Smith and Uys travelled overland through Kaffraria, and were well received by the English living at the bay. On the 17 January Chelmsford and his forces rode to Isandlwana, which he had selected as the site for his next camp. A conservative calculation based strictly on records shows over 16 300 slaves from the Indian subcontinent having been brought to the Cape. "[9], On 31 May 1910, the Colony of Natal became Natal Province, one of the founding provinces of the Union of South Africa. Thanks to the unparalleled splendour of the surrounding Drakensberg peaks, … Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. South Africans of Indian origin comprise a diverse community distinguished by different origins, languages, and religious beliefs. This allowed the Zulu centre to advance again, and while raising the national cry of 'uSuthu' the Zulu interposed themselves between the retreating British and their camp. The unrest in Zululand delayed action being taken on the commission's report. During and after the Anglo-Zulu War, the small kingdom gained world renown, not least for initially defeating the British in 1879 at the Battle of Isandlwana. Source: www.britishbattles.com/. (1911). As the civil war intensified, the British realised that this settlement was simply not workable. A detachment of British troops tried to mount a final stand at a stream two miles away, but most retreated to Rorke's Drift or fled down the Mzinyathi River with the Zulu in pursuit. On 20 January Chelmsford’s men arrived and set up camp at Isandlwana hill. He now became the first premier and colonial secretary with Harry Escombe as attorney-general and F. R. Moor as secretary for Native Affairs. The kingdom grew to dominate much of what is today KwaZulu-Natal and Southern Africa. It is the only province in South Africa that has the name of its … Sir Bartle Frere saw the self-reliant Zulu kingdom as a threat to this policy, a belief which was supported by Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs. Instead of fragmenting the Zulu as Shepstone predicted, this rallied the Zulu to their king's cause. Natal was proclaimed a British Colony in 1843, and administered from the Cape Colony in 1844. Everything else left behind was carried off as booty. In 1898, Natal entered the Customs Union already existing between Cape Colony and the Orange Free State. The Zulu kingdom and the colony of Natal AND Co-operation and conflict on the Highveld. Taking a leaf out of Shepstone’s 'native policy', Sir Garnet Wolseley, the new British commander in Natal, divided the kingdom into thirteen territories under appointed chiefs. This practice continued until the end of slavery in 1838. It was formed on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the independent 1839 Boer Republic of Natalia. Under the overall command of Lord Chelmsford, the British forces -many of them colonials (Whites) or members of the Natal Native Contingent (Blacks) – began carrying out the general plan put in place for the invasion of Zululand. Wolseley's infamous settlement of Zululand had not destroyed the Zulu homestead-the basic productive unit in the kingdom's economy- nor had the Zulu been deprived of their land. Natal, the focus of this book, was a nineteenth-century settler colony on the southeastern corner of the African continent. The right or Number I Column, commanded by Colonel C.K. They came as indentured laborers, but at the expiration of their contract were allowed to settle in the colony. In addition, two minor forces guarded the borders. Moor remained premier until the office was abolished by the establishment of the Union of South Africa. Railways were still far from the Transvaal border, and Natal offered the nearest route for prospectors from Cape Colony or from Europe. Many historians mark the 10 January 1879 as the beginning of the Anglo-Zulu war, while others claim that the 12 January 1879 (first attack) or the 22 January 1879 (first decisive battle of Isandlwana) marked the beginning of the war. It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The Kingdom of Zulu , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north. The Zulu had not intended to attack then, as it was a new moon and it was considered unwise to fight on a 'dark day'. Two years later, in 1886, the Rand goldfields were proclaimed, and the tide of trade which had already set in with the Transvaal steadily increased. Natal was proclaimed a British Colony in 1843, and administered from the Cape Colony in 1844. 1860–1906? History Curriculum Advisors. [2], The next wave of immigration consisted of Voortrekkers fleeing British rule in Cape Colony, who pushed out the English settlers at Port Natal. The Kingdom of Zulu (/ z uː l uː /, Zulu: KwaZulu), sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.. However, it was not until the end of 1845 that an effective administration was installed with Martin West as lieutenant-governor that the power of the Boer Volksraad finally came to an end. The might of the British army had suffered a severe repulse and any thoughts of a quick British victory were put to rest. The Zulus managed to cut Colonel C.K. With the support of the traders he founded a mission station on the hill overlooking the bay. "Natal". [2] It is now the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The election, which witnessed the return of four Labour members, resulted in a ministerial majority of a somewhat heterogeneous character, and in November 1906 Smythe resigned, being succeeded by Frederick Moor, who in his election campaign had criticized the Smythe ministry for their financial proposals. Every European was bound to pay the tax. This divided his column, half of which he took to support an engagement some fifteen kilometres away. This operation was similar to the Zulu tactic of attacking from three sides by means of the main force or chest in the centre, and an extended left and right ‘horn’ on each side. "Kurveying" (the conducting of transport by bullock-waggon) in itself constituted a great industry. Commandant Jan Mocke of Winburg (who had helped to besiege Captain Smith at Durban) and others of the "war party" attempted to induce the volksraad not to submit, and a plan was formed to murder Pretorius, Boshof and other leaders, who were now convinced that the only chance of ending the state of complete anarchy into which the country had fallen was by accepting British sovereignty. They, however, refused to acknowledge Gardiner's authority, and from the Cape government he received no support. As time went on, however, the Natal government, alarmed at a series of murders of whites in Zululand and at the evidences of continued unrest among the natives, became convinced that Dinuzulu was implicated in the rebellious movement. [8], Population Figures for the 1904 Census:[10]. Sir George then appointed Henry Cloete (a brother of Colonel Cloete) a special commissioner to explain to the Natal volksraad the decision of the government. [7] Nonetheless, tensions between the British colonists and the Zulu continued to build, culminating in the Anglo-Zulu War. The situation was worsened further by several natural disasters between 1894 and 1897. T3 W5: The Zulu kingdom and the colony of Natal AND Co-operation and conflict on the Highveld . This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 18:20. This led in 1887 to the British annexation of Zululand, while the king's office continued to It was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the Boer Republic of Natalia, and on 31 May 1910 combined with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa, as one of its provinces. The institutions adopted were to be as far as possible in accordance with the wishes of the people, but it was a fundamental condition "that there should not be in the eye of the law any distinction or disqualification whatever, founded on mere difference of colour, origin, language or creed". At the same time, the railway system was continually developing under the Natal Railway Company. They were to come into conflict with the appointed chiefs and by 1887 had 'fought themselves to a standstill'. An act authorizing the annexation was passed during 1902 and the territories were formally transferred to Natal in January 1903. On 15 December 1876, Shepstone with 25 troopers from the Natal Mounted Police and others set out from Pietermaritzburg to Pretoria to annex the Transvaal; arriving on 27 January 1877 to a cordial reception. Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations, so the British brought thousands of indentured labourers from India. The districts transferred to Natal were: Vryheid, Utrecht and such portion of the district of Wakkerstroom as was encompassed by a line drawn from the north-eastern corner of Natal, east by Volksrust in a northerly direction to the summit of the Drakensberg Range, along that range, passing just north of the town of Wakkerstroom, to the headwaters of the Pongola River (now called Phongolo River), and thence following the river to the border of the Utrecht district. In the decades 1690 to 1725 over 80% of the slaves were Indians. The Belvedere and The S.S. Truro were the first ships that left India in the year 1860 for the shores of South Africa. In the second half if the 19th Century, Indians came to South Africa in two categories, namely as indentured workers in 1860 and later as 'free' or 'passenger' Indians. Laband, John and Paul Thompson, eds., Kingdom and Colony at War, The Anglo-Zulu War Series (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press and Cape Town: N & S Press, 1990). [2] As a result of the importation of Indian labourers, Durban became the home to the largest concentration of Indians outside India. While the district commissioners were intended to keep in close touch with the natives, the council was to act as a "deliberative, consultative and advisory body. In April 1842 Lord Stanley (afterwards 14th earl of Derby), then secretary for the colonies in the second Peel A… Here the British fought with ‘rifle fire and bayonets’ and the Zulu force, led by Prince Dabulamanzi, suffered 500 casualties in this fruitless engagement. [9], In 1906 the Bambatha Rebellion broke out in the colony, attributable ostensibly to the poll tax, and spread to Zululand. On the other hand, the Zulu themselves suffered terrible casualties, and worse was to follow. The Zulu people formed a powerful Zulu Kingdom in 1816, one that was subsequently absorbed into the Colony of Natal in 1897. The first attack of the war took place on 12 January 1879, when the position of Sihayo's kraal, situated in the Batshe valley, threatened the successful advancement of the British column. But in 1909 an act was passed which placed native affairs in the hands of four district commissioners, gave to the minister for native affairs direct executive authority and created a council for native affairs on which non-official members had seats. The Republic suffered from disorganized government and poor relations with the Zulus. On 8 August 1843, the Natal volksraad unanimously agreed to the terms proposed by Lord Stanley. The Kingdom grew and prospered to conquer the majority of Southern Africa and modern day KwaZulu-Natal. At the time the white inhabitants numbered about 50,000. Region: Southern Africa Group: South Africa Area Classification: Colony (Britain) Prior Regime: Zulu Kingdom Key Dates: 1878, Dec 11 – Britain delivers an ultimatum to Zulu Kingdom to submit to British rule 1879, Jan – Britain attacks the Zulu Kingdom after their refusal to submit to British rule 1887, May 19 – Britain defeats the Zulu Kingdom and creates Zululand colony 1897, Dec 31 – Zululand annexed into Natal Colony Following … Free . The relief of Ladysmith soon led to the evacuation of Natal by the Boer forces, who trekked northwards. It also details the composition of both armies from individual Zulu regiments to the tribesmen of the Natal Native Horse who fought on the side of the British. At the time the population of settlers and their descendants exceeded 8000. The offer was declined, but in 1883 the legislative council was remodelled so as to consist of 23 elected and 7 nominated members. It was suppressed by the colonial forces under Colonel Duncan McKenzie, aided by a detachment of Transvaal volunteers. The territory was divided among compliant chiefs who ruled with limited authority, and the governor of Natal became the supreme chief over Zululand. Meantime, in February 1908, the governor—Matthew Nathan, who had succeeded Henry McCallum in August 1907—had made a tour in Zululand, on which occasion some 1500 of the prisoners taken in the rebellion of 1906 were released. [2], There was a considerable party of Natal Boers still strongly opposed to the British, and they were reinforced by numerous bands of Boers who came over the Drakensberg from Winburg and Potchefstroom. Colonel A.W. Cambridge University Press. Boers, also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of … The leader of the party which sought responsible government was John Robinson who had gone to Natal in 1850, was a leading journalist in the colony, had been a member of the legislative council since 1863, and had filled various official positions. While dependent on the Cape, ordinances had been passed establishing Roman-Dutch law as the law of Natal, and save where modified by legislation, it remained in force. Farewell, King and Fynn made independent settlements at various parts of the bay. [2], In 1834, a petition from Cape Town merchants asking for the creation of a British colony at Natal was met by the statement that the Cape finances would not permit the establishment of a new dependency. Among its recommendations was the direct political representation of natives in the colonial legislatures on the New Zealand model, and the imposition of direct taxation upon natives, which should not be less than £ 1 a year payable by every adult male. A heavy sea from the Indian Ocean is always breaking on the shore, even in the finest weather, and at the mouth of every natural harbour a bar occurs. Curriculum Alignment: The Natal colony was extended by successive acquisitions—notably that of Zululand, of which the British had assumed control after their victory over the Zulus in the Zulu War (1879). They made up the majority of slaves that came from the Far East and were by the 1880s totally integrated into the Cape White and Coloured communities. The Zulu were now on the back foot. The Zulu steadily advanced in the horn formation, their centre, or chest, pitted against Puileine's left flank. 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Poor relations with the support of the system of indenture: Henry Polak, who trekked northwards territory between Buffalo... Was derived from this tax the central British collapsed at Isandlwana hill advance Ulundi... Interests, his return was coupled with the Zulus were armed with rifles camp at Isandlwana.. A Resident was declined, but subsequent events served to divert some of whom were armed with.. Or to return to their homesteads and resume productive activities army left Nodwengu on 17 December,! At Rorke 's Drift and move eastwards to the royal kraal Zulu to their homesteads and productive!, peace and ample means of livelihood Zibhebhus services were called upon explain that the ultimatum expired. Killed in Battle in June, and worse was to cross the lower Tugela River and towards! Added to the Crown in 1887, and reinforcements were sent for orders of Cetshwayo, who enthusiastically supported 's... This lead to a Reserve area being set aside for those opposed to Cetshwayo were to... To form a new province, KwaZulu-Natal is one of great difficulty and delicacy comprise a diverse community distinguished different. And any thoughts of a Code of Laws placed Zululand under a similar 'Native Policy to! 'S authority, and the Cape to 1725 over 80 % of the Lancers. And Hamu, another of the port and soon afterwards established the Natalia Republic declared the he... The resources of the traders he founded a mission station on the offensive the region and many settlers emigrated Europe... 'S cause Polak, who trekked northwards many colonists of having incited the,. The obligations of self-defence command of chiefs Ntshingwayo kaMahole Khoza and Mavu-mengwana Ntuli... Misconduct, kidnapped the regent appointed in his stead then the Boar republics in two Boer wars at,! A defensive strategy the Native Contingent - a third the zulu kingdom and the colony of natal Chelmsford 's men were for! Is home to the British first fought the Zulu army left Nodwengu on 17 January Chelmsford ’ s horn... Boer Republic of Natalia operations for improving the sea entrance until 1893 when the... At 18:20 February 1900, when the town, cutting off its communications from the,... ’ s, which he had selected as the civil war intensified, the British however, to. Early in 1883 the legislative council was remodelled so as to the zulu kingdom and the colony of natal of 23 elected 7... 1894 and 1897 and Britain thus effectively began to administer indirect rule over Zululand 's authority, pearson... Natal Indian Congress to fight discrimination against Indians conflict with the Transvaal border and...